In the Harvard style, references are listed at the end of your work, and are organised alphabetically by the surname of the author.
A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment.
A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.
Many people use these terms interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a bibliography as well as a reference list, ask your tutor.
This guide details the Harvard style of referencing based upon the advice given in the "Cite Them Right (2016) 10th rev. and expanded edn." This is the style of Harvard that The University Of Sheffield supports.
Referencing in the Harvard style is a two–part process:
Harvard style referencing is an author/date method. Sources are cited within the body of your assignment by giving the name of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. All other details about the publication are given in the list of references or bibliography at the end.
Citations which are used with direct quotations, or are referring to a particular part of a source, should include the page number in your citation, e.g. (Smith, 2017, p. 42) or Smith (2017, p. 42).
If a citation does not have page numbers then you should use the number of the paragraph (if available), e.g. Climate change can refer to local, regional, and global changes in weather (Met Office, 2013, para. 2.).
If the paragraph number is not available then you may direct the reader to a specific section of the item, and then the number of the paragraph, e.g. Using the factor command can. (Gaubatz, 2015, Generating Factors, para. 2.).
If the name of the section is long you may use the first few words of the section in quotation marks, e.g. The value of numbers needs to be random. (Gaubatz, 2015, "Random Numbers and Generating" section, para. 2.).
Quoting is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same words as those used by the original author.
Paraphrasing can be used to avoid inserting too many direct quotations into your work, as this can distract from the coherence of the argument you are presenting. The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance.
If you are directly quoting from a source, then you should include the page number in your citation.
A short quotation (under two lines), should be within the body of the text and in quotation marks, e.g.
There is still a labelling issue when it comes to flavourings in food, it is noted that, "flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from." (Wilson, 2009, p. 257).
If the quote is more than two lines, then it should be presented as a new paragraph which is preceded by a colon and indented from the rest of the text. You do not need to use quotation marks, e.g.
Wilson (2009, p. 257) has looked at food flavourings in the UK and makes the following observation about vanilla:
In Britain, flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from. A flavouring only counts as fully ‘artificial’ if it does not occur in nature at all, as is the case with another, stronger vanilla–substitute called ethyl–vanillin (often used in chocolate).
If you are omitting materials from an original source, use three dots [. ] to indicate this, e.g.
Canter and Canter (1992) state that students come to the classroom with "their own needs, their own past experiences and . their preconceptions of who you are, what your limits will be" (p. 49). It is important to manage the expectations of students effectively.
This does not need to be done at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Wilson, B. (2009) Swindled: From poison sweets to counterfeit coffee – the dark history of the food cheats. London: John Murray (Publishers).
Paraphrasing is putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean changing the odd word or rearranging the sentence. When you paraphrase, you should restate the meaning of the original text in your own words. Be sure to cite and reference when you are paraphrasing someone else's work, e.g.:
Booth et al. (2016, pp. 208-209) give the example of acceptable paraphrasing using Gladwell (2008) as their example:
This this the original quote from Gladwell (2008, p. 38)
"Achievement is talent plus preparation. The problem with this view is that the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play."
Below is an unacceptable paraphrase of the above quote because it follows the original too closely:
Success seems to depend on a combination of talent and preparation. However, when psychologists closely example the gifted and their careers, they discover that innate talent plays a much smaller role than preparation (Gladwell, 2008, p. 38).
The next is an example of an acceptable paraphrase as the meaning of the original has been restated in the author's own words:
As Gladwell (2008, p. 38) observes, summarising studies on the highly successful, we tend to overestimate the role of talent and underestimate that of preparation.
Booth, W.C. et al. (2016) The craft of research. 4th edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gladwell, M. (2008) Outliers: The story of success. New York: Back Bay Books.
Summarising means briefly stating the main ideas or arguments of a complete information source or a substantial portion of an information source.
Be sure to cite and reference when you are summarising someone else's work. A citation for a summary should include the author and date, e.g. (Smith, 2017) or Smith (2017), but there is no need to include a specific page number.
This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available (refer to the primary source where it is available). Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible - if you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention.
You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving details of the original source by using ‘cited in’, e.g. (Ecott, 2002, cited in Wilson, 2009) or (Cannon, 1989, quoted in Wilson, 2009, p. 269).
In the reference list you should give details of the item you looked at. Looking at the above examples, you would reference Wilson (2009) in your bibliography/reference list.
A reference list is the list of items you have used in your work. Reference lists in Harvard are alphabetical.
General tips for creating a list are:
If you are citing materials from non-roman script, you should transliterate the references to roman script. If you are unsure, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language or an international standard to check.
Terao, M. (1998) Denai kugi wa suterareru [The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away]. Tokyo: Fusosha.
If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English, but in roman script, you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title, depending on who the intended audience for your work will be.
For a full list of items see Alphabetical list of items
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Bryman (2016) recommends.
Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to. (Bryman, 2016).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Bryman, A. (2016) Social research methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Wallace and Wolf (2006) found that.
Globalization is a theory that has many concepts. (Wallace and Wolf, 2006).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Wallace, R. A. and Wolf, A. (2006) Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Greig, Taylor and MacKay (2013) found that.
Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour. (Greig, Taylor and MacKay, 2013).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S)., Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3rd edn. London: Sage.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Begg et al. (2014) found that.
The elasticity of demand demonstrates. (Begg et al., 2014).
First Author Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Begg, D.K.H. et al. (2014) Economics. 11th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
He (1997) found that.
The ethnic relations in China . (He, 1997).
Zheng (1997) looked at the cultural influences.
The culture of western business during the period. (Zheng, 1997).
Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) Initial. (ed. or eds.) Title of book. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.
He, X. (1997) 'The market economy and ethnic relations in China', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.
Zheng, X. (1997) 'Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."
The overflow of the Ladybower Reservoir can be seen in the image (andy_c, 2005).
Schnabel (1984) created the artwork using paint on velvet.
The photograph (Nicholls, 1919) shows the 18th Battalion.
The painting shows the effects of intense heat on the structure of a building (Sutherland, 1941).
Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). OR screen name (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
andy_c (2005) Ladybower Plughole [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/andycpics/3035948922 (Accessed: 6 July 2016).
Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Name of museum/gallery, Location. [If viewed in person] (Viewed: Date). [If viewed online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Nicholls, H. (1919) Preparations for the Peace Day Celebrations, July 1919 [Photograph]. Imperial War Museum, London. Available at: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205297061 (Accessed: 2 January 2016).
Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of journal article (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal Volume(Issue), Page number. [If online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date) OR doi:
Schnabel, J. (1984) ‘Ethnic Types #15 and #72’ [Oil, animal hide, modeling paste on velvet], in Sans, J. (2020) ‘Julian Schnabel: The Myth Unfurls’, Art in Translation 12(3), p. 400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1876831
Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). Title of book (Year). Place of publication: Publisher, Page number.
Sutherland, G. (1941) ‘Devastation 1941: City, twisted girders’ [Painting], in Mellor, L. Reading the ruins: Modernism, bombsites and British culture (2011). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 119.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Austin (2009) argues that periodical conflict may be expected.
It can be assumed that pickpocketing. (Austin, 2009)
Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range.
Austin, T. (2012) 'Takers keepers, losers weepers: theft as customary play in southern Philippines', Journal of Folklore Research, 49(3), pp. 263–284.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
If you are unsure if the article you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Dobson (2006) identified that the depiction.
The stereotypical portrayal of cultures. (Dobson, 2006).
Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). doi:
Dobson, H. (2006) 'Mister Sparkle meets the 'Yakuza': depictions of Japan in The Simpsons', Journal of Popular Culture, 39(1), pp. 44–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Johnson and Fitzpatrick (2007) note that street users.
Enforcement areas for the problem. (Johnson and Fitzpatrick, 2007)
J Sainsbury (2016) acknowledged the amount of food waste.
Supermarkets are aware of the waste created due to. (J Sainsbury, 2016)
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) reported that.
. the supply of new homes would need to be sustainable (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2015)
Snowdon (2017) looked at the cost of healthy eating.
It was found that the cost of a healthy diet. (Snowdon, 2017)
Schonfeld and Sweeney (2019) note that art museums.
To reach and engage new audiences. (Schonfeld and Sweeney, 2019)
Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report. Paper number (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Johnson, S. and Fitzpatrick, S. (2007) The impact of enforcement on street users in England. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report. Paper number (if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) Building sustainable homes. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/file/46481/download?token=UXZzH3XM&filetype=full-report (Accessed: 4 May 2017).
J Sainsbury (2016) Sainsbury's food surplus and food waste: how we are delivering a positive impact. Available at: http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/3442510/Sainsbury's%20food%20surplus%20and%20food%20waste%20figures%2015-16%20report.pdf (Accessed: 4 May 2017).
Snowdon, C. (2017) Cheap as chips: Is a healthy diet affordable? IEA Discussion Paper No. 82. Available at: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Cheap-as-Chips-PDF.pdf (Accessed: 30 March 2017).
If you are unsure if the item you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.
Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report. Paper number (if applicable). doi:
Schonfeld, R.C. and Sweeney, L. (2019) Organizing the work of the art museum. doi: https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.311731
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
Only reference a source as a web page if the source does not fall into another category, such as journal article, conference proceedings, report, blog, image, etc.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
In Michael Rosen's biography (2021).
He began writing poetry at the age of twelve. (Rosen, 2021)
Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Rosen, M. (2021) Michael Rosen Biography. Available at: https://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The NHS (2019) lists the main symptoms.
The causes of diabetes. (NHS, 2019)
Group or Corporate author (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
NHS (2019) Diabetes. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Grey to Green Sheffield project (2016) has had national recognition.
A sustainable drainage system was used. (Grey to Green Sheffield, 2016)
Title of web page (Year site was published/last updated). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Grey to Green Sheffield (2016). Available at: http://www.greytogreen.org.uk/index.html (Accessed: 26 April 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Southey (1876) provided a culturally.
The Common-place book (Southey, 1876).
Hobbes (1651) demonstrates an example of.
The demonstration of a social structure can be identified. (Hobbes, 1651).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of publication) Title. Translated by INITIAL(S). Surname (if relevant). Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher or Printing statement. Series and Volume number (if relevant).
Southey, R. (1876) Common-place book. London: Reeves and Turner.
Some early printed books were privately printed and do not have a publisher, in which case give the printing statement from the book in your reference. For example:
Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. London: Printed for Andrew Crooke.
If the online version you are referencing is a scanned version of the printed book with the same page numbers and publication information, reference it in the same way you would reference a printed book. You do not need to include the URL in your reference.
However, if you have downloaded the ebook onto an edevice and the page numbers are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. See Book - Electronic for further information
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For texts translated from the original see Translated item.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
campusM (2021) created.
The app iSheffield allows the user. (campusM, 2021)
Developer/Producer (Year of release/update) Title of app (Version) [Mobile app]. Available at: app store name (Downloaded: date).
campusM (2021) iSheffield (Version 9.5.4) [Mobile app]. Available at: Google Play (Downloaded: 25 March 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Mona Lisa by DaVinci (1503-18) focuses closely on the subject.
The famous smile on the Mona Lisa (DaVinci, 1503-18) has become.
Blake's The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks (1824-27) portrays.
The illustration shows Virgil helping Dante. (Blake, 1824-27)
Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Medium]. Holding institution, City.
Blake, W. (1824-27) The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks [Graphite, ink and watercolour on paper]. Tate Gallery, London.
DaVinci, L. (1503-18) Mona Lisa [Oil on wood]. Musée du Louvre, Paris.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Long's Delabole Spiral (1981) is made from slabs of slate.
The spiral of jagged-edged slate (Long, 1981) represents.
The Brandy saucepan made by Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) was used to heat.
The saucepan (Nathaniel Smith & Company, 1789) was hallmarked in Sheffield.
Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Installation or Exhibit]. Holding institution, City (Viewed: date).
Long, R. (1981) Delabole Spiral [Installation]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).
Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) Brandy saucepan [Exhibit]. Millennium Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Chaurey (2020) considers ethical review processes.
The limitations of the framework. (Chaurey, 2020)
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of blog post', Title of blog, Day/Month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Chaurey, K. (2020) 'Decolonising ethics frameworks for research in Africa', Africa at LSE, 8th January. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2020/01/08/decolonising-ethics-frameworks-research-africa/ (Accessed: 29 March 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Bryman (2016) recommends.
Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to. (Bryman, 2016).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Bryman, A. (2016) Social research methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Wallace and Wolf (2006) found that.
Globalization is a theory that has many concepts. (Wallace and Wolf, 2006).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Wallace, R. A. and Wolf, A. (2006) Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Greig, Taylor and MacKay (2013) found that.
Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour. (Greig, Taylor and MacKay, 2013).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S)., Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3rd edn. London: Sage.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Begg et al. (2014) found that.
The elasticity of demand demonstrates. (Begg et al., 2014).
First Author Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Begg, D.K.H. et al. (2014) Economics. 11th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
He (1997) found that.
The ethnic relations in China . (He, 1997).
Zheng (1997) looked at the cultural influences.
The culture of western business during the period. (Zheng, 1997).
Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title of book. Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.
He, X. (1997) 'The market economy and ethnic relations in China', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.
Zheng, X. (1997) 'Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Ikeo, A. (ed.) (1997) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge.
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Parker, R. and Aggleton, P. (eds.) (2007) Culture, society and sexuality: a reader. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
Editor Surname, INITIAL(S)., Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Alcock, P., May, M. and Wright, S. (eds.) (2012) The student's companion to social policy. 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
First Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). et al. (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Ritchie, J. et al. (eds.) (2014) Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Sage.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
If you have downloaded the book onto an edevice and the page numbers of the ebook are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The main sociological theories are explained (Bruce, 2018).
Bruce explains this particular theory as. (2018, 52%)
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of item. Edition (if not the first). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).
Bruce, S. (2018) Sociology: a very short introduction. 2nd edn. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sociology-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions-ebook/dp/B07DP6M3XM/ref=sr_1_1 (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
Please note that case law is formatted in one of two ways:
Neutral citations enable people to find cases online more easily and are independent of any printed series of law reports. Each neutral citation is made up of:
An example of a neutral citation would be:
In a neutral citation, the abbreviated court name will start with "UK" or "EW" to indicate that the court's jurisdiction extends to the United Kingdom or England and Wales.
Law report citations are made up of:
An example of a law report citation would be:
When citing a judgement from a law report, cite the 'best report' (as indicated in hierarchy of law reports). If there is no neutral citation (for cases before 2001), also indicate the court in brackets at the end of the law report citation, e.g. (SC) for the Supreme Court.
[2011] 1 AC 534, (SC).
You should use the party names (in italics) and the year the case was heard in court.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
In the case of 'Radmacher v Granatino' (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that.
. when a court grants a decree of divorce, nullity of marriage or judicial separation it has the power to order ancillary relief ('Radmacher v Granatino', 2010).
'Case name', neutral court citation, law report citation.
'Radmacher v Granatino', [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534.
'Case name', neutral court citation. Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
'Radmacher v Granatino' [2010], UKSC 42. BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/42.html (Accessed 16 August 2018).
For cases without a neutral citation.
'Case name', law report citation, (court abbreviation).
'James v Eastleigh BC', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL).
'Case name', law report citation, (court abbreviation). Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
'James v Eastleigh BC', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL). BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/6.html (Accessed 12 June 2023).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For Census Data see Dataset
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2015) guideline.
. the guideline stipulates. (National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2015).
The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) (2017) guideline.
. initial investigations should include. (British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), 2017).
Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline. Reference Number (if given). Place of publication: Publisher.
NICE (2004) The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care. CG20. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline. Reference Number (if given). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
BSG (2017) Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Available at: https://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical-resource/guidelines-on-the-management-of-abnormal-liver-blood-tests/ (Accessed: 30 March 2021).
NICE (2015) Obesity in children and young people: prevention and lifestyle weight management programmes. QS94. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs94 (Accessed: 4 August 2017).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
It’s important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own. Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others, give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source.
See Referencing Code for guidance. You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Galar et al. (2014) identified that the risks of.
SMART risk assessments. (Galar et al., 2014)
Redknap (2004) questioned whether settlements in North Wales.
The geographical location of Anglesey meant that. (Redknap, 2004).
Fujikami et al. (2015) identified that in order to improve Fast Device Discovery.
Fast Device Discovery can be aided by. (Fujikami et al., 2015)
Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.
Galar, D. et al. (2014) 'SMART: integrating human safety risk assessment with Asset Integrity', Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013. Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer, pp. 37–59.
Redknap, M. (2004) 'Viking–age settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch', Land, sea and home, proceedings of a conference on Viking–period settlement. Cardiff, July 2001. Leeds: Manay Publishing, pp. 139–175.
Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference, Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Fujikami, S. et al. (2015) 'Fast device discovery for vehicle–to–pedestrian communication using wireless LAN', 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. pp. 35–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2015.7157943
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Bazela, Grant and Tucker (2014) presented the poster.
. the poster shows the use of technology enhanced learning. (Bazela, Grant and Tucker, 2014).
Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld (2016) demonstrated the.
. the conference poster showed. (Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld, 2016).
Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference.
Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC. Sheffield, 23-25 April.
Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Kleinschmidt, T., Fuhr, O. and Wietfeld, C. (2016) 'Synchronised charging of electric vehicles with distant renewable energy resources' [Poster], 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). Columbus, OH, 8-10 December. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC.2016.7835983
Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC. Sheffield, 23-25 April. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/bazela-grant-tucker-poster (Accessed: 31 May 2017).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher. Volume (if needed).
Dalpiaz, G. et al. (eds.) (2014) Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013. Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer.
Orman, W. and Valleau, M.J. (eds.) (2014). Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on language development. Boston, MA, 1-3 November 2013. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. Volume 2.
Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference. Place of conference, Date of conference. Volume (if needed). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2015) 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?asf_pun=7151874 (Accessed: 10 December 2015).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
There may be cases where the source you are citing and referencing will need to be anonymised, e.g. names in medical, legal or business material. In place of real names you may use terms such as “Patient X” or “Placement School”. If the source is a medical image, e.g. a patient X-ray or scan, use the format in the Medical images section of Images and Figures.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The treatment strategies for these patients (Placement hospital, 2022).
[Anonymised institution/agency] (Year produced) Anonymised title with square brackets around the anonymised name if it appears in the title. Location: [Anonymised producer].
[Placement hospital] (2022) [Placement hospital] treatment strategies for cardiology patients. South Yorkshire: [Placement hospital].
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For Court Case see Case Law.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) provided the statistics for.
The statistics show that social divisions within the UK. (The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division, 2019)
NHS Digital (2015) provided the statistics for obesity, these show.
The statistics show that physical activity. (NHS Digital, 2015)
Curwen (2021) conducted experiments to confirm whether synaesthesia.
The data showed that synaesthesia for written musical keys. (Curwen, 2021)
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). OR Organisation (Year) 'Title of dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number or Version of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Curwen, C. (2021) 'Synaesthesia for reading written musical keys'. Version 3. Available at: https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Synaesthesia_for_written_musical_keys/13140086 (Accessed 28 June 2021).
NHS Digital (2015) 'Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet, England'. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england (Accessed 23 January 2017).
Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) 'Annual Population Survey, April 2015-2016'. 6th edn. SN: 8003. doi: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8003-6
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
'Research' (2009) is defined as.
This is the process of. ('Research', 2009)
Berges (2012) notes that 'moral development'.
'Moral development' is associated with. (Berges, 2012)
Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.
Berges, S. (2012) 'Moral Development', in Chadwick, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics: Volume 3 M–R. 2nd edn. London: Academic Press. pp. 141–151.
'Research' (2009) in Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 11th rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1222.
Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
'Research, n.1' (2015) in OED Online. Available at: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163432 (Accessed: 14 December 2015).
Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher.
Chadwick, R. (ed.) (2012) Encylopedia of applied ethics (4 vols.). 2nd edn. London: Academic Press.
Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (replace with Title if no editor) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
OED online (2021). Available at: http://www.oed.com (Accessed: 28 June 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
Vickers (2008) noted that the impact of technology has changed the way spaces within a library building are provided.
Learning spaces and services provided are changing due to technological advances (Vickers, 2008).
Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.
Vickers, S. (2008) An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For Electronic Book see Book - Electronic
For Encyclopedia see Dictionary
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery (Elizabeth I & Her People, 2013–2014).
In the exhibition Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014).
Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) showcased the acts of the 1960s.
Images of music personalities and memorabilia from the 1960s formed a major exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery (Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed, 2009–2010).
The exhibition The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) at Graves Gallery exhibited.
Use of colour, pattern and line have been explored in a recent exhibition (The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists, 2016) which delves.
Title of exhibition (Year) [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.
Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.
Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.
The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) [Exhibition]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield. 5 February 2016–29 October 2016.
For an in–citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The portrait of Elizabeth I by Hilliard (1585).
The painting of Elizabeth I (Hilliard, 1585) shows the monarch.
Bebbington (1969) captures David Bowie.
The image of David Bowie (Bebbington, 1969).
Artist Surname, INITIAL(S). (Date of artwork) Title of Artwork [Item type], in Title of exhibition [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.
Bebbington, D. (1969) 'David Bowie' [Photograph] in Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.
Hilliard, N. (1585) 'Elizabeth I, the "Ermine" portrait' [Oil painting] in Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For Facebook see Social Media
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite your reference as follows:
Keith (2019) discusses network connectivity issues on Ubuntu.
Network connectivity issues in the software. (Keith, 2019)
McNaught (2021) posted details about the survey.
. about the barriers experienced in implementing accessibility (McNaught, 2021).
Username or Surname, INITIAL(S). of creator (Year) 'Title/Subject of message', Title of host message system (required if applicable), Day/Month message was posted. Available at: URL or Available email: email address (Accessed: date).
Keith (2019) 'usb wireless adapter for Ubuntu18.04', Linux Forums, 11 July. Available at: https://linuxforums.org.uk/index.php?topic=13634.msg110605#msg110605 (Accessed: 26 May 2021).
McNaught, A. (2021) 'Implementing digital accessibility regulations', DIGITALACCESSIBILITYREGULATIONS, 4 May. Available email: digitalaccessibilityregulations@jiscmail.ac.uk (Accessed: 26 May 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
It is now possible to face up to 7 years imprisonment for supplying psychoactive substances (Psychoactive Substances Act 2016).
The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 introduced the ban on.
Title of Act including year and chapter number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted (Accessed: 6 May 2021).
Or if you are referencing the PDF version:
Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted/data.pdf (Accessed: 6 May 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The principles of the Teaching Excellence Framework were introduced as a way. (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2015)
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) introduced the framework.
In a report on the knowledge economy (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2016).
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) has stated that.
Challenges facing the NHS. (Department of Health, 2016)
The Department of Health (2016) suggests that demand reduction.
Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). London: HMSO.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). London: HMSO.
Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). London: HMSO.
Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/474227/BIS-15-623-fulfilling-our-potential-teaching-excellence-social-mobility-and-student-choice.pdf (Accessed: 1 December 2015).
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf (Accessed: 17 June 2016).
Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/577910/DH_Gov_Response_Accessible.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2017).
The numbering of Command Papers is done by running numbers with a prefix which changes as the number gets close to 10,000. The prefixes are listed below:
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Department of Health (2015) statistics show.
The DoLS statistics (Department of Health, 2015) show that the trend.
Governmental Department (Year) 'Title of Dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:
Department of Health (2015) 'DoLS monthly summary statistics'. Quarter 2, 2015 to 2016: raw data. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/deprivation-of-liberty-safeguards-dols-july-to-september-2015 (Accessed 1 February 2017).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
The Hansard House of Commons and House of Lords official records from 1802 to the present day are available at the "UK Parliament Hansard" website.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the in-text citation as follows:
Jonathan Ashworth MP (2021) questioned how the care system would be integrated.
The need for a sustainable social care plan (Ashworth, 2021).
Clive Betts MP (2017) mentions the mixture of funding for social care.
Questioning the future of funding (Betts, 2017).
Name of speaker/author (Year) 'Subject of debate or speech', Hansard: Name of House of Parliament debates/written statement/Westminster Hall or petitions, Day and Month, Volume, Column or Page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Ashworth, J. (2021) 'Future of Health and Care', Hansard: House of Commons debates, 11 February, 689, c. 508. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-02-11/debates/1A5C67A2-7FE5-4ECE-9E0F-A98A85639918/FutureOfHealthAndCare (Accessed 17 May 2021).
Betts, C. (2017) 'Health and Social Care Budgets', Hansard: House of Commons Westminster Hall, 14 March, 623, cc. 28WH–29WH. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-03-14/debates/43778548-9da5-492a-aa3c-2611f9e6f29d/WestminsterHall (Accessed 17 May 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
More than 30 fully funded Marshall Scholarships were awarded during the academic year. (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a)
The Marshall Aid Commemoration Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a) awarded scholarships.
Affordable housing remains on the agenda for the current government. (Parliament. House of Lords, 2016)
The Select Committee for Economic Affairs (Parliament. House of Lords, 2016) looked at the provision of affordable housing.
If the provision of the regulation is broken. (Parliament. House of Lords, 2017)
The Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee (Parliament. House of Lords, 2017) found that maximum penalties could be.
The deficits within the NHS. (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b)
The Health Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b) found that the deficit within the NHS.
Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords. (Year) Title. (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.
Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). London: National Audit Office.
Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). London: By the authority of the House of Commons.
Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes : First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.
Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.
Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords (Year) Title (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/542143/MACC_account_2015_to_2016.pdf (Accessed 7 August 2016).
Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhealth/139/139.pdf (Accessed 1 February 2017).
Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeconaf/20/20.pdf (Accessed 8 September 2016).
Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/lddelreg/94/94.pdf (Accessed 12 November 2017).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The Digital Economy Bill (2016) has attracted controversy.
The House of Commons proposed that the BBC could face more regulation from Ofcom (Digital Economy Bill, 2016)
Increased measures for child safety have been included in amendments to the Crime and Policing Bill (2016).
The House of Lords (Crime and Policing Bill, 2016) have amended.
The Oil and Gas Authority were transferred regulatory powers from the Secretary of State for Energy (Energy Bill Explanatory Notes, 2015)
The House of Lords note in the Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015) that the Oil and Gas Authority.
Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Place of publication: Publisher.
Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. London: The Stationery Office.
Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. London: The Stationery Office.
Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. London: The Stationery Office.
Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2016-2017/0045/cbill_2016-20170045_en_1.htm (Accessed: 16 August 2016).
Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2015-2016/0056/en/16056en.pdf (Accessed 30 August 2016).
Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2016-2017/0055/17055(c).pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2016).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the citation as follows:
The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 introduced changes.
Conflicts of interest for Police Officers should be reported to their senior. (The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006)
Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Place of publication: Publisher.
The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). London: The Stationery Office.
Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3449/pdfs/uksi_20063449_en.pdf (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:
The ongoing decommissioning of nuclear plants in scheduled. (Office for Nuclear Regulation, 2016)
The Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) have set out their strategic aims.
The funding of care must be provided by either NHS or the local authority. (Department of Health, 2016).
The Department of Health (2016) found that funding.
Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Series if applicable).
Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care. London: Department of Health.
Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016. London: Office for Nuclear Regulation.
Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title. (Series if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-framework-for-nhs-continuing-healthcare-and-nhs-funded-nursing-care (Accessed: 17 May 2021).
Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016. Available at: http://www.onr.org.uk/documents/2016/strategic-plan-2016-2020.pdf (Accessed: 17 May 2021).
For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.
